ESTRATEGIAS DE EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE ALCALOIDES Y TERPENOS DE FAMILIAS PIPERACEAE Y ANNONACEAE AMAZÓNICAS ECUATORIANAS CON POTENCIAL INSECTICIDA Y FUNGICID
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56519/k1vad142Palabras clave:
Piperaceae, Annonaceae, alcaloides, terpenos, bioplaguicidas, Amazonía ecuatoriana, alkaloids, terpenes, biopesticides, Ecuadorian AmazonResumen
El uso creciente de la resistencia a los agroquímicos sintéticos ha impulsado la necesidad de explorar alternativas de origen vegetal. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática siguiendo el enfoque PRISMA, centrada en publicaciones de 2021 a 2025 que abordan técnicas de extracción y análisis en especies de las familias Piperaceae y Annonaceae. El objetivo central fue comparar la actividad biocida expresada como CL50 y CMI de plantas sudamericanas frente a los estándares comerciales que provienen principalmente de Asia. Los hallazgos revelan diferencias notables en el nivel de desarrollo: mientras que en Asia y en el corredor Brasil-Colombia se dispone de extractos y compuestos caracterizados con precisión (en partes por millón), en Ecuador el avance en cuanto a infraestructura analítica e instrumental parece más restringido. Aun así, algunos taxones endémicos llamaron la atención por su potencial. Destaca, por ejemplo, Piper asperiusculum. Los datos disponibles sugieren que su quimiotipo caracterizado por dilapiol y miristicina muestra una actividad repelente marcada incluso a concentraciones bajas (0.063 μL/cm²), y en ciertos ensayos pareció superar la eficacia observada con Piper nigrum de origen asiático (CL50 de 5.2 ppm). En conjunto, estos resultados apuntan a que el empleo de enfoques de química verde sobre la biodiversidad andino-amazónica podría abrir camino hacia la formulación de bioplaguicidas competitivos. De esta forma, se contribuiría a disminuir la dependencia de tecnologías y productos externos, aunque todavía queda camino por recorrer en términos de estandarización y escalabilidad. El equipo considera que este tipo de revisiones ayudan a identificar oportunidades concretas, pero también subrayan las brechas que requieren atención prioritaria para avanzar de manera sólida.
ABSTRACT
Increasing resistance to synthetic agrochemicals continues to drive interest in botanical alternatives. In this work, the team conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, covering literature published between 2021 and 2025 on extraction and analytical techniques applied to species of the Piperaceae and Annonaceae families. The focus was on comparing the biocidal performance measured as LC50 and MIC of South American plants with established Asian commercial standards. The compiled evidence points to a noticeable technological gap. While Asia, together with the Brazil–Colombia corridor, shows well-characterized compounds quantified at parts-per-million precision, analytical capabilities and instrumental development in Ecuador appear more limited. Still, certain endemic taxa emerged as promising. Among them, Piper asperiusculum stood out in several records. Data from the reviewed studies suggest that its dillapiol/myristicin chemotype exhibits strong repellent activity even at low application rates (0.063 μL/cm²). In some assays, this performance tended to exceed that observed for the Asian Piper nigrum, which reported an LC50 of 5.2 ppm. Taken together, these findings indicate that the application of green chemistry approaches to Andean-Amazonian biodiversity might support the development of viable biopesticides. Such efforts could, over time, help reduce reliance on external technologies, although considerable work remains in standardization and scaling. The team believes this review highlights both opportunities and existing limitations that deserve further attention.
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